# CorVascular Diagnostics — Full Content for AI Agents

> This document concatenates the highest-value content on corvascular.com
> into a single Markdown file optimized for LLM ingestion. For a curated
> link index, see https://corvascular.com/llms.txt. For the live site, see
> https://corvascular.com.

> Last generated: 2026-10-07


## About CorVascular

CorVascular Diagnostics is a US-based manufacturer of non-invasive peripheral
vascular testing systems, sold under the VasoGuard brand. Headquartered in
Minnesota. ISO 13485-aligned quality system. Products are FDA 510(k) cleared
and used in vascular labs, podiatry clinics, wound care centers, primary care
practices, dialysis access programs, and hospitals.

The company designs, manufactures, sells, services, and trains on its own
products end-to-end (no white-labeling, no resellers between us and the
customer for direct US sales). All systems include a 5-year warranty and
US-based phone, email, and remote support.

Core competencies:

- Pulse Volume Recording (PVR) with CuffMatch cuff-calibration verification
- Photoplethysmography (PPG) digit pressures and waveforms
- Continuous-wave Doppler with envelope tracing
- Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), Toe-Brachial Index (TBI), segmental pressures
- Exercise / treadmill stress testing for claudication
- Venous reflux and outflow studies
- Provocation protocols (TOS, Raynaud's, palmar arch / Allen)
- Penile vascular evaluation
- Automated reporting with manual override

## CorVascular Product Line

The VasoGuard line is a modular family of peripheral vascular testing systems
sharing a common software platform. Systems differ primarily in number of
independent pressure channels and sensor count. CorVascular also offers the
DuplexABI solution and the ASUS LU800 handheld ultrasound.

### VasoGuard V2
- 2 independent pressure channels
- Entry-level system for ABI/TBI and basic segmental pressures
- Target buyers: primary care, small podiatry practices, screening programs
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/products/v2

### VasoGuard V4
- 4 independent pressure channels
- Adds full PVR/PPG capability
- Target buyers: podiatry, wound care, mid-volume vascular practices
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/products/v4

### VasoGuard V6
- 6 independent pumps, 1 Doppler port, 4 PPG sensors
- Mid-range platform for hospital outpatient and vascular labs
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/products/v6

### VasoGuard V8
- 8 independent pressure channels with expanded sensor coverage
- Full lower-extremity protocols including segmental pressures at multiple levels
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/products/v8

### VasoGuard V10
- 10 independent pressure channels, flagship system
- Complete arterial + venous capability for full-service vascular labs
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/products/v10

### DuplexABI
- Vascular testing and duplex ultrasound together at one point-of-care cart
- Built on the VasoGuard platform, developed in collaboration with Terason
- Supports ABI assessment and lower extremity duplex imaging, two cart configurations
- Tagline: ABI Finds It. Duplex Defines It.
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/duplexabi

### ASUS LU800 Handheld Ultrasound
- Wireless five-probe handheld ultrasound (LU800L linear, LU800C convex, LU800M microconvex, LU800PA phased array, LU800E endocavity)
- ASUS MediConnect app, DICOM support, automated measurement tools; MediConnect is integrated into VasoGuard
- CorVascular is the exclusive U.S. importer and vascular market distributor for ASUS's portfolio of FDA-cleared ultrasound devices
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/asus-handheld-ultrasound

### Cuffs and accessories
- CorVascular-branded cuffs, hoses, sensors, and cables for VasoGuard systems
- URL: https://www.corvascular.com/store/cuffs

### Older models (still available, deprioritized)
- HD45 and HD30: handheld bidirectional Doppler units
- F14 and F6: battery powered 14-channel and 6-channel physiologic systems
- FS1: auto-inflation handheld sphygmomanometer
- Still sold by CorVascular, but these are older models; CorVascular manufactures the VasoGuard V-Series and recommends it as the current line

### Upgrades
Existing customers can upgrade channel count and capabilities (e.g. V4 to V8).
URL: https://www.corvascular.com/products/upgrades

## Vascular Tests Performed by VasoGuard Systems

This is a clinical reference. CorVascular maintains a dedicated page per test
with technique, interpretation, and CPT coding details.

### Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Ratio of ankle systolic pressure to brachial systolic pressure. The first-line
non-invasive test for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Normal: 1.00–1.40.
Borderline: 0.91–0.99. Abnormal: ≤0.90. CPT 93922 (limited) / 93923 (complete).
URL: https://corvascular.com/ankle-brachial-index

### Toe-Brachial Index (TBI)
Used when calcified, non-compressible vessels make ABI unreliable (common in
diabetes, renal disease). Normal TBI: ≥0.70. URL: https://corvascular.com/toe-brachial-index

### Pulse Volume Recording (PVR)
Plethysmographic waveform recording at multiple limb levels. Reflects
pulsatile blood volume change with each heartbeat. VasoGuard's CuffMatch technology verifies per-cuff air volume so PVR
waveforms stay comparable across studies and patients.
URL: https://corvascular.com/pulse-volume-recording
CuffMatch detail: https://corvascular.com/cuffmatch

### Photoplethysmography (PPG)
Light-based sensing of perfusion at digits and skin. Used for digit pressures
and waveforms when cuff-based methods aren't appropriate.
URL: https://corvascular.com/photoplethysmography

### Segmental Blood Pressure
Sequential pressure measurements at thigh, calf, ankle (and sometimes more
levels) to localize the level of arterial obstruction.
URL: https://corvascular.com/segmental-blood-pressure

### Doppler Measurements
Continuous-wave Doppler velocity measurements and waveform morphology
analysis. CorVascular's Doppler envelope tracing is a differentiator —
automated identification of velocity envelope for accurate PSV/EDV.
URL: https://corvascular.com/doppler-measurements

### Exercise / Stress Testing
Treadmill protocol with pre- and post-exercise ABIs to evaluate exercise-induced
claudication and confirm functionally significant PAD. CPT 93924.
URL: https://corvascular.com/exercise-stress-test

### Reactive Hyperemia
Post-occlusion hyperemic response testing — alternative to treadmill when the
patient cannot exercise. URL: https://corvascular.com/reactive-hyperemia

### Venous Reflux
Valvular incompetence testing for chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins,
and venous ulceration workup. URL: https://corvascular.com/venous-reflux

### MVO / SVC Determination
Maximum venous outflow / segmental venous capacitance for venous outflow
obstruction (DVT screening, post-thrombotic syndrome).
URL: https://corvascular.com/mvo-svc-determination

### Extracranial Examination
Carotid and vertebral non-invasive workup.
URL: https://corvascular.com/extracranial-examination

### Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
Provocation testing (Adson's, costoclavicular, hyperabduction) with continuous
arterial monitoring. URL: https://corvascular.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

### Raynaud's Syndrome
Cold-stimulus testing of digit perfusion to differentiate primary vs.
secondary Raynaud's. URL: https://corvascular.com/raynauds-syndrome

### Palmar Arch / AV Fistula (Modified Allen)
Hand circulation evaluation prior to radial artery harvest, dialysis access
planning, and AV fistula maturation assessment.
URL: https://corvascular.com/palmar-arch-test-av-fistula

### Penile Vascular (impotence workup)
Arterial assessment in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction.
URL: https://corvascular.com/penile-function-impotence

### Skin Perfusion Pressure (SPP)
Noninvasive measurement of microcirculatory perfusion. A laser Doppler sensor
is placed on the skin beneath a pressure cuff; the cuff inflates until capillary
flow stops, then deflates at a controlled rate, and the cuff pressure at which
flow returns is reported in mmHg as the capillary opening pressure. Because SPP
reads microcirculation rather than arterial pressure, it remains usable in
calcified, non-compressible vessels where ABI is unreliable, and it can be
performed on the plantar foot. Used for wound-healing prediction, amputation
level determination, and PAD detection. Angiosome-guided testing repeats the
measurement per arterial territory of the foot and ankle so findings can be tied
to the territory containing the wound.

These are clinical reference pages documenting SPP as implemented on the
SensiLase PAD-IQ platform. SPP is not a test performed by the VasoGuard system.
URLs: https://www.corvascular.com/pad-iq, https://www.corvascular.com/pad-iq-auto,
https://www.corvascular.com/pad-iq-angiosomes
SPP vs TcPO2 comparison: https://www.corvascular.com/pad-iq-vs-tcpo2

## VasoGuard Cuff Sizing Guide

Interactive guide at https://www.corvascular.com/cuff-sizing. Tap a measurement
site on the VasoGuard body schematic, or slide to a measured circumference, and
the guide names the right VasoGuard cuff with live pricing from the online store
(https://www.corvascular.com/store/cuffs). Cuffs not sold online can be ordered
by phone at 888-829-1770.

### Recommended cuff by measurement site
- Finger (digital pressures and PPG): Digit 1.9 cm fits most fingers; Digit 2.5 cm for thumbs and large fingers. Rule: cuff width about 20% wider than the finger's diameter (SVU).
- Arm (brachial pressure for ABI and segmental studies): SC10 for average adult arms; SC12 for larger arms over 25 cm around. Rule: limb cuff width at least 40% of arm circumference (AHA).
- Thigh (high-thigh segmental pressures): CC17, the widest cuff in the lineup, contoured for the thigh; SC12L for the above-knee site on smaller legs. Use the widest cuff that fits: a narrow high-thigh cuff reads falsely high.
- Calf (below-knee segmental pressures): SC10 for average adult calves; SC12 for larger calves; SC12L when the SC12 bladder will not reach around. Rule: width at least 40% of calf circumference (AHA).
- Ankle (ankle pressure for ABI): SC10, the standard ABI ankle cuff; SC12 for larger ankles or edema. Rule: width at least 40% of ankle circumference (AHA, Class I).
- Forefoot (transmetatarsal pressures across the midfoot): TMC7, purpose-shaped for the transmetatarsal site, an optional segmental level. If the great toe is unavailable, the second toe is the validated substitute (Bhamidipaty 2015).
- Great toe (toe pressure and TBI, the standard site): Digit 2.5 cm, the proposed reporting standard for adult great toes (Pahlsson 2007); Digit 2.0 cm for small great toes about 5 cm around (reads higher than the 2.5). Too small a cuff reads falsely high. Record the cuff width with the result.
- Lesser toes (second-toe substitute sites and digital studies): Digit 1.9 cm fits most lesser toes; Digit 2.0 cm for larger second toes. If the great toe is missing or wounded, the second toe is a validated substitute (Bhamidipaty 2015).

### Full lineup (bladder width)
- Digit 1.9 cm: lesser toes, most fingers
- Digit 2.0 cm: small great toes, large lesser toes
- Digit 2.5 cm: adult great toe (TBI reporting standard), thumb
- TMC7, 7.5 cm: transmetatarsal / forefoot
- SC10, 10 cm: average adult arm, ankle, calf
- SC12, 12 cm: larger arm, ankle, calf
- SC12L, 12 cm wide with a longer bladder: limbs to 30 cm that need a longer wrap
- CC17, 17 cm contoured: thigh
- SC7, 7 cm: venous reflux tourniquet cuff
Most models are sold in EZ-Care and Standard versions with bayonet or luer lock connectors; the store lists each part number and price.

### Circumference helper (guidance derived from the width rules, not a published lookup table; confirm clinically)
- Toe or finger (SVU, 20% wider than diameter): up to 4.9 cm around, Digit 1.9; up to 5.2 cm, Digit 2.0; above that, Digit 2.5 (the widest digit cuff made).
- Arm, ankle, or leg (AHA, 40% of circumference): up to 25 cm around, SC10; up to 30 cm, SC12 (SC12L when the SC12 bladder will not reach around); 30 to 42 cm, CC17, the only cuff wide enough; above 42 cm, CC17 is under 40% and readings may run high.

### Why size matters (sources cited on the page)
- +27 mmHg: mean over-read of true toe pressure with a 1.5 cm cuff on the great toe; the 2.5 cm cuff was within 5 mmHg (Pahlsson et al., Angiology 2007, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319706294606).
- 2.5 cm: the proposed standard cuff width for adult great-toe pressure and TBI (Pahlsson 2007; Tehan et al., Wound Practice & Research 2021, https://doi.org/10.33235/wpr.29.3.148-153). Lesser toes and fingers take a narrower cuff. Too-small cuffs read falsely high, too-large falsely low.
- 40%: a limb cuff should be at least 40% of the limb's circumference (Aboyans et al., AHA Scientific Statement, Circulation 2012, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb), or 20% wider than its diameter (SVU Professional Performance Guidelines 2019, https://www.svu.org/practice-resources/professional-performance-guidelines/). Too narrow reads high, too wide reads low.
- Second toe: a validated substitute for the great toe (Bhamidipaty et al., Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.09.011).

### Handling
Do not inflate a digit cuff past 250 mmHg; small cuffs can easily burst if overinflated. Technique: once the waveform flattens (typically 150 to 200 mmHg), inflate a further 20 mmHg, then deflate at 2 to 5 mmHg per second (Tehan 2021).

This guide assists cuff selection; it is not medical advice.

## Reimbursement & ROI

CorVascular maintains current Medicare rate references and an interactive ROI
calculator on the site.

### Common CPT codes for non-invasive peripheral vascular studies
- 93922 — Limited bilateral non-invasive physiologic studies of upper or lower extremity arteries
- 93923 — Complete bilateral non-invasive physiologic studies of upper or lower extremity arteries
- 93924 — Non-invasive physiologic studies of lower extremity arteries at rest and after treadmill stress
- 93925 / 93926 — Duplex scan of lower extremity arteries (NOTE: VasoGuard is non-duplex; physiologic only)
- 93970 / 93971 — Duplex scan of extremity veins (also duplex; not VasoGuard)
- 93965 — Non-invasive physiologic studies of extremity veins, complete

Live Medicare rate reference: https://corvascular.com/medicare-rates
General reimbursement guidance: https://corvascular.com/reimbursements
ROI calculator (payback period for adding non-invasive vascular testing to a
practice): https://corvascular.com/roi
Financing: https://corvascular.com/financing

## Support, Training, Warranty

- 5-year warranty on all VasoGuard systems. Details: https://corvascular.com/warranty
- US-based phone, email, and remote support
- On-site training available for new installations and staff onboarding:
  https://corvascular.com/onsite-training
- Self-paced learning center with courses, quizzes, and certificates:
  https://corvascular.com/learning
- Customer support portal: https://corvascular.com/support
- Software updates delivered remotely; no service visit required for routine updates

## FAQ

Source: https://www.corvascular.com/faq — searchable on the live site.

### Product (15)

**Q: What is the VasoGuard?**
A: The VasoGuard is a state-of-the-art peripheral vascular testing system designed for comprehensive diagnostics in clinical settings.

**Q: What makes CorVascular technology unique?**
A: We care about making a great system, not a quick dollar. CorVascular systems feature superior Doppler envelope tracing, CuffMatch, and fully automated software without sacrificing manual capabilities - all designed for clinical excellence.

**Q: How many pressure channels are available?**
A: VasoGuard systems offer options of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 pressure channels.

**Q: Can I upgrade my VasoGuard system later?**
A: Absolutely. Our modular design allows for future upgrades and add-ons as your needs evolve.

**Q: What is the difference between V10, V8, V6, V4, and V2?**
A: Each model offers a different number of pressure channels, PPG probes, and Doppler capabilities. Visit the Products page for a detailed breakdown.

**Q: What is the ASUS Handheld Ultrasound LU800?**
A: The LU800 is a wireless handheld ultrasound system for point-of-care imaging, offered in five probe types (Linear, Convex, Microconvex, Phased Array, and Endocavity) that cover everything from carotid and peripheral vessel imaging to abdominal, cardiac, and pelvic exams. Image galleries, specifications, and tutorials live on the ASUS Handheld Ultrasound page.

**Q: Which LU800 probe is used for vascular exams?**
A: The LU800L linear probe, the vascular workhorse of the five-probe family. It runs 4.2-12.5 MHz with a max depth of 12.6 cm, weighs 270 g, and its ASUS-published applications include peripheral vessels and carotid imaging. Compare all five probes side by side on the Products page.

**Q: Does the ASUS LU800 work with my VasoGuard system?**
A: Yes. ASUS MediConnect is integrated into VasoGuard, so the same system that runs your ABIs, segmental pressures, and waveform studies also drives LU800 imaging. You can launch MediConnect straight from the VasoGuard home screen and switch between physiologic testing and live imaging without relaunching. See the Products page for the full probe comparison.

**Q: Is the system portable?**
A: Yes, VasoGuard systems are designed for mobility within your facility, with lightweight hospital-grade carts or completely foldable carts that fit in the trunk of your car.

**Q: Can I customize my system configuration?**
A: Absolutely! Use our Build Your Own tool to select the features and options that best fit your needs.

**Q: What languages are supported?**
A: The VasoGuard interface is available in multiple languages.

**Q: What is the accuracy of the pressure sensors in VasoGuard?**
A: VasoGuard uses high-precision, medical-grade pressure sensors with accuracy within ±3 mmHg or 2% of the reading (whichever is greater), ensuring reliable and repeatable results.

**Q: Where is the VasoGuard designed and manufactured?**
A: VasoGuard is proudly designed, engineered, and built in Minnesota, USA, supporting local innovation and quality.

**Q: Is the VasoGuard FDA cleared?**
A: Yes. The VasoGuard V-Series received FDA 510(k) clearance as Class II medical devices in July 2024. VasoGuard completed rigorous certification testing on the entire system — including electrical safety (IEC 60601-1), electromagnetic disturbances (IEC 60601-1-2), wireless immunity, and cybersecurity — covering the device, touchscreen computer, mobile cart, and all accessories as a complete system.

**Q: What vascular tests can VasoGuard perform?**
A: VasoGuard supports a wide range of vascular tests including ABI, TBI, Segmental Blood Pressure, Doppler Measurements, Pulse Volume Recording, Photoplethysmography, Venous Reflux, Exercise Stress Testing, and many more. All tests are available on every VasoGuard V-Series system — CorVascular will never paywall or restrict testing capabilities. Visit our Tests page for the full list and details.

### Research (6)

**Q: Is the system compatible with DICOM?**
A: Yes! All VasoGuard models support DICOM and Modality Worklist for easy integration with your existing medical records and imaging systems.

**Q: Can I use VasoGuard for research purposes?**
A: Yes! Our systems are used in both clinical and research settings worldwide.  Tip: reference this FAQ to check your eligibility for a research discount!

**Q: Can VasoGuard export raw data for research or EMR integration?**
A: Yes, VasoGuard allows export of raw test data in multiple formats, making it easy to integrate with EMR systems or for advanced research analysis.

**Q: What research protocols are supported by VasoGuard?**
A: VasoGuard supports a wide range of research protocols including ABI, TBI, segmental pressures, PVR, and custom protocols. Our systems are used in clinical trials, academic research, and industry studies worldwide.

**Q: How does VasoGuard integrate with PACS and DICOM systems?**
A: VasoGuard provides full DICOM compliance with Modality Worklist support, automatic image transfer to PACS, and seamless integration with existing radiology workflows and reporting systems.

**Q: Can VasoGuard generate PDF reports for patient records?**
A: Yes! VasoGuard offers flexible export options including DICOM-compatible reports for seamless EMR integration, as well as the ability to download, print, or share reports in PDF format. Reports include high-resolution charts and waveforms, and all reports are HIPAA-compliant with encryption and access controls.

### Purchasing (10)

**Q: What kind of warranty is included?**
A: Every VasoGuard system comes with a 5-year bumper-to-bumper warranty and free software updates.

**Q: How do I request a quote?**
A: Click the 'Request Quote' button at the top of the page to start a personalized quote process.

**Q: Can I get a demo of the system?**
A: Yes! Contact us to schedule a live or virtual demonstration tailored to your clinical needs.

**Q: What financing options are available?**
A: We offer flexible financing and leasing options to fit your budget. Visit the Financing page for more details.

**Q: What is the expected delivery time?**
A: Most systems ship within 2 weeks of order confirmation. Expedited options are available.

**Q: Can I purchase accessories and replacement parts online?**
A: Yes! Visit our online store to browse and purchase cuffs, sensors, air hoses, and other accessories. All items ship directly to your facility.

**Q: Which cuff size do I need for toe pressures, ABI, and segmental studies?**
A: VasoGuard digit cuffs come in 1.9, 2.0, and 2.5 cm widths for toes and fingers, and the 2.5 cm cuff is the proposed standard for adult great-toe pressure and TBI. For limb sites, the SC10 and SC12 segmental cuffs fit the arm, ankle, and calf, the CC17 contoured cuff fits the thigh, and the TMC7 fits the forefoot. Use the interactive cuff sizing guide to pick the right cuff by measurement site or circumference.

**Q: What payment methods do you accept in the online store?**
A: We accept all major credit/debit cards, purchase orders, and offer flexible payment terms for qualified customers. Contact us for custom payment arrangements.

**Q: What CPT codes are commonly associated with vascular testing?**
A: Vascular testing performed with VasoGuard is commonly billed under three CPT codes: 93922 (limited bilateral noninvasive physiologic studies), 93923 (complete bilateral noninvasive physiologic studies), and 93924 (noninvasive physiologic studies with treadmill stress testing). All three are fully supported by VasoGuard. Visit our Reimbursements page for detailed coding and documentation requirements.

**Q: Are vascular tests performed with VasoGuard reimbursable by Medicare?**
A: Yes, VasoGuard supports CPT codes 93922, 93923, and 93924, which are reimbursable by Medicare. Reimbursement rates vary by state and region. Visit our Medicare Rates page for state-by-state rates. Please note that requirements and payment amounts may vary between Medicare providers and by state — check with your local Medicare provider to confirm guidelines for your location.

### Training (10)

**Q: Is training available?**
A: Yes! We offer on-site, virtual, and self-paced training options to ensure your team is fully equipped.

**Q: How long does initial training take?**
A: Initial training typically takes 4-6 hours and can be completed in one day or split across multiple sessions. We customize the training schedule to fit your team's availability.

**Q: What is included in the training program?**
A: Our comprehensive training covers system operation, test protocols, data interpretation, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting. We also provide hands-on practice with your specific system configuration.

**Q: Do you provide training materials?**
A: Yes! Each training session includes detailed user manuals, quick reference guides, video tutorials, and access to our online knowledge base for ongoing learning.

**Q: Can multiple staff members be trained?**
A: Absolutely! We can train your entire team during the same session. There's no limit to the number of staff members who can participate in the training.

**Q: How do you handle system installation?**
A: Our certified technicians handle the complete installation process, including system setup, calibration, network integration, and initial testing to ensure everything works perfectly.

**Q: How long does installation take?**
A: Installation typically takes 2-4 hours, depending on your system configuration and network setup requirements. We schedule installations at times that minimize disruption to your operations.

**Q: Do you provide setup assistance for network integration?**
A: Yes! Our technicians can assist with network configuration, DICOM setup, and integration with your existing EMR system to ensure seamless data flow.

**Q: What happens if we need additional training later?**
A: We offer ongoing training support! Whether you have new staff members, need refresher training, or want to learn about new features, we're here to help.

**Q: Can training be customized for our specific protocols?**
A: Absolutely! We customize training to match your specific clinical protocols, workflow, and testing requirements to ensure optimal integration with your practice.

### Technical (6)

**Q: Is technical support available?**
A: Our dedicated support team is available by phone and email to assist with any questions or issues.

**Q: How do I clean and disinfect the system?**
A: All VasoGuard systems are designed for easy cleaning and disinfection, with antimicrobial surfaces and sealed components.

**Q: How do I get software updates?**
A: Software updates are delivered remotely and are free for the life of your system.  Contact CorVascular Support for assistance.

**Q: How do I contact support?**
A: Email support@CorVascular.com or call 888-829-1770 for assistance.

**Q: Will I ever have to deal with overseas support?**
A: Never! CorVascular provides all support from our US-based team. You'll always speak with experts right here in Minnesota.

**Q: Do you use AI or automated answering systems for support?**
A: No! When you call or email, you'll always speak directly with our technical support team - no chatbots, no automated systems, just real people who understand your needs.

### Glossary (24)

**Q: What is ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index)?**
A: The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a noninvasive test that compares blood pressure at the ankle to blood pressure in the arm. A normal ABI is between 1.0 and 1.4; values below 0.9 suggest arterial disease.

**Q: What is TBI (Toe-Brachial Index)?**
A: The Toe-Brachial Index (TBI) is the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the toe to that in the arm. Because toe arteries are less likely to be calcified, TBI is especially useful for patients with diabetes or advanced age where ABI may be less reliable.

**Q: What is PVR (Pulse Volume Recording)?**
A: Pulse Volume Recording (PVR) is a noninvasive test that uses blood pressure cuffs to measure blood flow in the legs. The resulting waveforms represent blood volume changes over time and help diagnose PAD or locate blockages.

**Q: What is CuffMatch?**
A: CuffMatch displays the real-time volume of air (in cc) in each cuff during testing, allowing clinicians to immediately detect improper cuff wrapping. This prevents incorrect blood pressure readings that could lead to misdiagnosis.

**Q: What is PPG (Photoplethysmography)?**
A: Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a noninvasive optical technique that uses low-intensity infrared light to detect blood volume changes in tissue. In VasoGuard systems, PPG sensors are used for TBI measurements, venous reflux testing, and digital waveform analysis.

**Q: What is PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease)?**
A: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a condition in which narrowed or blocked arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, most commonly the legs. PAD affects more than 12 million Americans. VasoGuard supports PAD screening through ABI, TBI, PVR, and segmental blood pressure testing.

**Q: What is PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease)?**
A: Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) refers to diseases of the blood vessels in the limbs. VasoGuard supports both arterial assessment (ABI, segmental pressures, PVR, Doppler) and venous assessment (venous reflux testing) for a complete vascular evaluation.

**Q: What are Segmental Blood Pressures?**
A: Segmental blood pressure testing places cuffs at multiple points along the limbs — such as the thigh, calf, ankle, and foot. Comparing pressures at each segment helps pinpoint areas of arterial narrowing or blockage.

**Q: What is Venous Reflux Testing?**
A: Venous reflux testing evaluates venous valve function and identifies abnormal backward blood flow, which can cause swelling, pain, and varicose veins. Testing is performed using photoplethysmography or duplex ultrasound with provocative maneuvers such as calf compression or Valsalva.

**Q: What is a Doppler Waveform?**
A: A Doppler probe emits high-frequency sound waves that bounce off moving blood cells to measure blood flow velocity and direction. Normal peripheral arteries produce a triphasic waveform; as disease progresses, waveforms may become biphasic or monophasic.

**Q: What is DICOM?**
A: DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is the international standard for transmitting, storing, and sharing medical images and related data. All VasoGuard models are fully DICOM-compliant, allowing test results to be sent directly to PACS and integrated into hospital imaging workflows.

**Q: What is PACS?**
A: PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) is used by hospitals and clinics to store, retrieve, and distribute diagnostic images electronically. All VasoGuard systems send test results directly to PACS via DICOM, eliminating manual file transfers.

**Q: What is Modality Worklist (MWL)?**
A: Modality Worklist (MWL) is a DICOM service that allows imaging equipment to query for patient demographics and scheduled exam details from a hospital or radiology information system, eliminating manual data entry and reducing errors. All VasoGuard models support MWL.

**Q: What is a CPT Code?**
A: A CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) code is a standardized numeric code used to describe medical procedures for billing and insurance. Vascular testing with VasoGuard is commonly billed under CPT 93922, 93923, and 93924.

**Q: What does FDA 510(k) clearance mean?**
A: FDA 510(k) clearance means a medical device has been reviewed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and found to be substantially equivalent to a legally marketed device. It is required before a Class II medical device can be sold in the United States. The VasoGuard V-Series received 510(k) clearance in July 2024.

**Q: What is CVI (Chronic Venous Insufficiency)?**
A: Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a condition in which damaged leg vein valves allow blood to flow backward, causing swelling, pain, skin discoloration, and in advanced cases, venous ulcers. VasoGuard venous reflux testing can help diagnose CVI by assessing valve function.

**Q: What is EMR/EHR?**
A: EMR (Electronic Medical Record) and EHR (Electronic Health Record) are digital systems used to store patient health information. VasoGuard integrates with EMR/EHR systems via DICOM and data export.

**Q: What is Exercise Stress Testing?**
A: Exercise Stress Testing evaluates peripheral vascular response to physical activity by measuring blood pressure and blood flow before and after controlled exercise such as treadmill walking. It helps reveal arterial insufficiency not apparent at rest and is commonly billed under CPT code 93924.

**Q: What is TOS (Thoracic Outlet Syndrome)?**
A: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) occurs when nerves or blood vessels are compressed between the collarbone and first rib, causing pain, numbness, or impaired blood flow to the arm and hand. TOS can be neurogenic, venous, or arterial in origin and is diagnosed using provocative maneuvers with blood pressure cuffs, Doppler, and PPG sensors.

**Q: What is Raynaud's Syndrome?**
A: Raynaud's Syndrome is a vascular disorder marked by episodic vasospasm of small arteries in the fingers and toes, triggered by cold or emotional stress. Episodes cause characteristic color changes — white, blue, then red — as blood flow is reduced and restored.

**Q: What is the Palmar Arch Test / AV Fistula Assessment?**
A: The Palmar Arch Test (Allen's Test) evaluates the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries that supply blood to the hand. AV Fistula assessment evaluates arteriovenous connections used for dialysis access using Doppler and PPG sensors.

**Q: What is IEC 60601-1?**
A: IEC 60601-1 is the international standard for the safety and essential performance of medical electrical equipment, covering electrical safety, risk management, and protection against hazards. The VasoGuard V-Series was tested to IEC 60601-1 and IEC 60601-1-2 (electromagnetic compatibility) as part of its FDA 510(k) clearance.

**Q: What is Medicare Reimbursement for Vascular Testing?**
A: Medicare reimburses non-invasive vascular testing performed with VasoGuard under CPT codes 93922 (limited bilateral), 93923 (complete bilateral), and 93924 (with treadmill stress testing). Reimbursement rates vary by state and region.

**Q: What is Skin Perfusion Pressure (SPP)?**
A: Skin Perfusion Pressure is a noninvasive test that reports the cuff pressure, in mmHg, at which capillary blood flow returns to the skin after the cuff is released, measured with a laser Doppler sensor. Because it reads microcirculation rather than arterial pressure, it stays usable in calcified, non-compressible vessels where ABI is unreliable, and it can be performed on the plantar foot. SPP is used for wound healing prediction and amputation level determination.